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Essay on Heroes Journey for Shrek - 678 Words

Stage in the Heros Journey Film Component Ordinary World The heros normal world before the story begins The woods,The country. Hes an ogre and everyone hates him. He wants to be alone. Call to Adventure The hero is presented with a problem, challenge or adventure to undertake Lord Farquaad sends fairy tale creatures to Shreks swamp, so he leaves the swamp to go to Lord Farquaad. To get his swamp back, he has to rescue the princess Fiona Refusal of the Call The hero refuses the challenge or journey, usually out of fear He doesnt refuse. Meeting with the Mentor The hero meets a mentor to gain confidence, advice or training to face the adventure Shrek†¦show more content†¦Farquaad comes up on the horse. Ordeal The biggest life or death crisis – the hero faces his greatest fear only through â€Å"death† can the hero be â€Å"reborn† experiencing even greater powers to see the journey to the end. The biggest ordeal Shrek faces is hears Fiona talking about herself being ugly. Hes gotten ready to tell her her love her, then he thinks shes saying hes ugly. He leaves her. When he finds out from Donkey, she wasnt talking about him, he goes to stop the wedding and tell her he loves her. Farquaad is about to marry Fiona and Shrek wants to apologize to her. By spending time with Fiona, Shrek has become a better person, with a heart and is able to apologize. Farquaads men attack Shrek. All the people laugh at Shrek being ugly. Shrek doesnt care and still tells Fiona he loves her. Reward The hero has survived death, overcome his greatest fear and now earns the reward he sought. When he says he loves her and kisses her, she transforms into an ogre. The Road Back The hero must recommit to completing the journey travel the road back to the Ordinary World. The dramatic question is asked again. Farquaad says, Arrest them both and now, that makes me king! The dragon, sent by Donkey, swallows Farquaad coming in through the window. Resurrection Hero faces most dangerous meeting with death – this shows the hero can apply all the wisdomShow MoreRelatedBeowulf Versus Shrek1257 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Romean Mr. Newell October 9, 2014 British Literature – D Shrek versus Beowulf (Hero’s Journey) Joseph Campbell dedicated his whole life researching patterns that appear in almost every hero story or movie. He discovered that there are a few basics stages that just about every hero character goes through. This cycle is called â€Å"the monomyth† or more commonly known as â€Å"the hero’s journey.† This paper will compare and contrast Beowulf and Shrek and how each fits into the monomyth. Every story that involvesRead MoreEssay on The Epic Hero Archetype in Films, and Literature850 Words   |  4 PagesAs Beowulf possessed incredible the strength of 30 men, Luke Skywalker the force, and Harry Potter magic, epic heroes continue in every form of today’s entertainment and storytelling. Every culture from the beginning has had their own tales of heroes accomplishing great feats that no one else could. An epic hero is an icon for everyone to relate to, they symbolize different lessons to learn. The epic hero archetype exists as a source of entertainment but also as a demonstrative tool. Their moralsRead MoreRhethorical Analysis Movie Shrek1709 Words   |  7 PagesAP Language October 5, 2012 Shrek Rhetorical Analysis Essay People have always watched fairytales at a very young age, growing up to believe in them. Some watched them to obtain some kind illusion, for pure entertainment, and others for the sake of love. However, not every fairytale has a purpose of giving us an illusion, of entertaining us, or making us believe in love. Shrek is not a typical fairytale. Even though many people see Shrek along with other fairytales as any otherRead MoreFairy Tale Assignment1243 Words   |  5 Pagesthe active external one which we much more often read about.† Many fairy tales deal with courage, both overt and subtle. Does gender play a role in which type of courage appears? What do these stories teach regarding bravery? 5. The Heros Journey duplicates the stages of the Rite of Passage. First the initiate faces separation from his own, familiar world. Once separated, he undergoes initiation and transformation, where the old ways of thinking and acting are altered or destroyed, openingRead MoreSignificance And Significance Of Mythology1743 Words   |  7 Pagesaddition, it was widely believed that the Druids had magical powers. The ancient Celts had a vibrant mythology made up of hundreds of tales. They did not, however, record their myths in writing but passed them on orally. Our knowledge of the gods, heroes, and villains of Celtic mythology comes from other sources—mainly Roman. Yet the Romans sometimes referred to Celtic gods by Roman names, so their accounts were not always reliable. Moreover, because the Romans and Celts were battlefield enemies,Read MoreDfsdfsdfsdf7285 Words   |  30 Pages 2012 | February 28, 2012 | | $19.99US | 6.43 GB | Hasbro Family Game Night 3 | Electronic Arts | June 14, 2011 | June 14, 2011 | | $29.99US | 1.36 GB | Hellboy: The Science of Evil | Konami | January 17, 2012 | | | $19.99US | 4.61 GB | Heroes Over Europe | Ubisoft | March 15, 2011 | March 15, 2011 | | $29.99US | 4.5 GB | Hitman: Blood Money | Eidos Interactive | March 30, 2010 | March 30, 2010 | | $29.99US | 4.94 GB | Homefront | THQ | September 13, 2011 | September 13, 2011 | |

Transcendentalism In Emersons The Narrative Of The Life...

As humans, we take heart in subscribing to certain beliefs, and we do this with great ease and alacrity; after all, vague ideals seem easy enough to adopt when merely on paper. We experience difficulties, however, when forced to translate these beliefs into actions. In Frederick Douglass’s 1845 The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, the self-agency Douglass utilizes to escape the bondage of slavery seems similar to the actualization that comes through trusting one’s own interior instincts Ralph Waldo Emerson urges readers to cultivate in his 1841 essay on â€Å"Self-Reliance†; and the similarities and differences between key passages in both texts ultimately help characterize the nature of the link between the†¦show more content†¦Though the existence of some objective moral code may appear to contradict Emerson’s â€Å"insist on yourself, never imitate† motto on individuality and the self, ultimately, Emerson m eans that self-truth is the most sacred truth, and that some degree of right and wrong exists in Nature. On the most basic level, self-reliance refers to the process of self-betterment, not through organized religion or worship, but from looking within, from taking matters into one’s own hands and listening to one’s internal sense. When in touch with this sense, men will arrive at conclusions that have a certain Natural quality; they will just feel right. Eventually, Emerson translates this philosophy into a staunch defense of the cause of abolitionism. In his essay on the relationship between Frederick Douglass and Emerson titled â€Å"Militant Abolitionism: Douglass, Emerson, and the Rise of the Anti-Slave†, Len Gougeon explains that in Emerson’s first speech against slavery, Emerson called for â€Å"opposition, at once vigorous and militant, by reformers, by the state and by slaves themselves.† Although Emerson doesn’t completely obliterate the role of white people in the fight for freedom, Emerson ultimately believes that â€Å"the responsibility slaves bear for achieving their freedom far outweighs anything an abolitionist might do for them†, and in order to truly escape bondage, slaves must becomeShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass Narrative Analysis1333 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout his Narrative, Frederick Douglass exposes his belief that freedom from slavery comes through a combination of knowledge and self-agency, and through his personal experience, delineates a model for abolitionism. Although his Narrative does represent an autobiography, Douglass has a higher purpose in mind beyond simple recollection; Douglass wants to convert people to the cause of abolitionism and illuminate what it truly means to join the cause, through exposition of his own life and experiencesRead More The American Renaissance Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical heir of American nationalism evolved with the Gilded Age and New Imperialism school of thought. The American Renaissance produced major influential literary works from some of the most brilliant minds in U.S. history, including Ralph Waldo Emersons the Representative Man (1850), Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlett Letter (1850) and The House of Seven Gables (1851), Herman Melvilles Moby-Dick, Henry David Thoreaus Walden (1854), and Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass (1855). AmericanRead MoreTranscendentalism, A Powerful Intellectual And Philosophical Movement1781 Words   |  8 PagesTranscendentalism, a powerful intellectual and philosophical movement founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the early nineteenth century, was guided by the principle that individuals are inherently good and function at their best when they are independent and self-reliant. Striving to produce a philosophy that would serve a new nation, transcendentalists believed that religious institutions and political parties would eventually corrupt the natural pure goodness of man. Transcendentalist ideology furtherRead More Change Through Thought- American Romantics and Radicals Essay3158 Words   |  13 PagesMargaret Fuller promoted her ideas of female equality. Fourth, Frederick Douglass showed a side of slavery that had not been seen before. Finally, Walt Whitman’s new style of writing changed writing and perceptions of America. None of these people promoted immediate change. Instead, they all inspired and promoted thought about their various topics, and hoped, through thought, that there would be change. In one of Emerson’s initial writings, Nature, written in 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson suggestsRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 PagesRaleigh, Richard Hakluyt, Thomas Harriot, and John White had published accounts of discoveries. The writings of Captain John Smith, an explorer whose travels took him up and down the eastern seaboard of America, represent a shift from exploration narrative toward early history. Early histories, however, were written mostly by settlers rather than by explorers. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Colony, wrote his Of Plymouth Plantation from 1620 to 1647 . Another important historian

Alcohol Research Paper - 1257 Words

Alcohol Research Paper Alcohol plays too significant a role in society today and should be an after thought as opposed to the most essential addition to any social event. Alcohol creates numerous social, economic, and health problems that could very easily be stopped if it played a less influential role in every day events. The use of alcohol is prominent in, but not limited to three social circles that include students, family groups, and religious gatherings. Experts have much to say about alcohol use and abuse in these three categories, including all of the negative aspects of drinking. Social drinking is a common occurrence around America. Whether it is after work or after a football game, white collar or blue,†¦show more content†¦As of 1991, about 14 million Americans met medical diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or alcoholism. There are numerous health problems that are linked to drinking. For instance, if alcohol is consumed during pregnancy, birth defect s may result, worse, the baby could be born addicted to alcohol (Kellam, 30). High doses of alcohol have also been found to delay puberty in females and slow bone growth and result in weaker bones (Windle, 179). One of the main risks of drinking alcoholic beverages is having a stroke. A review of epidemiological evidence concludes that moderate alcohol consumption increases the potential risk of strokes caused by bleeding (Camargo, 1620). Another medical problem that involves alcohol is the use of prescription medications. Alcohol may interact harmfully with more that 100 medications, including some sold over the counter. The effects of alcohol are especially augmented by medications that depress the function of the central nervous system, such as sleeping pills, sedatives, and antidepressants, and certain painkillers (Thomas, 336). Upon understanding the risks of drinking, some people would surely stop. Better health is a good reason to do so. One of the main groups of alc ohol users is high school and college students. Despite a legal drinking age of 21, many young people in the United States consume alcohol. There areShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Addiction Research Paper2729 Words   |  11 Pagesand physically dependent on alcohol, and who would most likely have withdrawal symptoms upon trying to quit. This dependence prevents most alcoholics from being able to control when they drink and how much they drink. For that reason, alcoholics usually drink to excess despite the consequences. Alcoholism, like any addiction, is a chronic disorder which involves continued use despite negative consequences and requires ongoing treatment and management. This research paper will cover many aspects ofRead MoreFetal Alcohol Disorder Research Paper1227 Words   |  5 PagesFetal alcohol spectrum disorder (known as FASD), is a term which encompasses a wide variety of negative health consequences as a result of exposure to alcohol while in the womb (Williams, 2006). This exposure has the potential to cause severe, permanent brain damage leading to cognitive and behavioural deficiencies throughout childhood and adolescence (Brown et al., 2015). FASD only occurs within the general population of North America in approximately 9.1 out of every 1000 births (McLachlan et alRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Advertising On Adolescents1494 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol advertising is abundant globally. It is vital that adolescents are to be raised in a positive and healthy setting. Particular consumer segments are considered to be more subtle towards the negative impact of advertising (Morgan, Schuler and Stoltman, 1995). Due to the new social networking technologies exist today and the various way of advertising, it is not surprising that adolescents are exposed to alcohol advertising as direct promotions are easy and voluminous. A large number of researchRead MoreEssay On Alcohol Behavior1474 Words   |  6 Pagessaid for research by Fink et al., (2016). T here was no significant evidence that demonstrated a positive correlation between alcohol use by month and deployment into a combat area (Fink et al., 2017). The final suggestion was that factors outside of deployment as a whole are what change alcohol use. Although the findings did not strongly support the hypothesis, significant findings about post-deployment drinking behaviors were shown. According to the study, participants decreased their alcohol consumptionRead MoreAssignment 1 Essay example686 Words   |  3 PagesTeam assignment #1 Go to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Web site, http://www.nber.org, and select New Working Papers. In the Google search space, type alcohol. Use the titles and summaries of the papers to answer the following questions relating to elasticity: (a) Do the mentally ill have perfectly inelastic demands for cigarettes and alcohol? Elasticity helps us define the relationship of changes in price and incomes to the effect of supply and demand. The question posedRead MoreExamining Adolescent Thought and Actions in the Journal Entitled Adolescence555 Words   |  3 PagesAdolescence From peer pressure to alcohol and drug problems adolescents face many difficult decisions in todays world. Adolescent psychologists study these problems and the way that adolescents react to them. The reason why they are studied is so that people can have an insight in to the mind of an adolescent. Many of the psychologists use the knowledge that is gained, from their research, to write research papers and books. Many of these books and research papers are submitted to different psychologicalRead MorePrenatal Problems In Children990 Words   |  4 Pages. Identify a gap in the developmental psychology research presented in chosen track. Jacobson et al. (2002) indicated that prenatal exposure to high amounts of alcohol induced several developmental problems as the child grew up. It has been described that alcohol exposure during pregnancy causes several developmental problems in children. Some of these problems include a slower reaction to both visual and auditory stimuli (Mattson, 2006), growth retardation problems (Chasnoff, 2015), and motor impairmentRead MoreAlcoholism And Dependency Of Alcoholism924 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper analyzes five peer-reviewed articles and fact supported from books discussing about the disorder, which also includes, scholarly reference executed through research studies. The study was conducted through online and offline sources. The research study that will be the main focus of this paper will be on alcoholism and topics discussed on the dependency of alcoholism. One will come across with articles having different discuss on the effects, use of and dependency of alcoholism. TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Alcohol On Children977 Words   |  4 Pagesexposure to high amounts of alcohol induced several developmental problems as the child grew up. It has been described that alcohol exposure during pregnancy causes several developmental problems in children. Some of these problems include a slower reaction to both visual and auditory stimuli (Mattson, 2006), growth retardation problems (Chasnoff, 2015), and motor impairment (Lucas, 2014). Additionally, Chasnoff observed that children that had been exposed to alcohol during pregnancy presented characteristicRead MoreEssay on The Concept of Dual Addiction1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Concept of Dual Addiction This research paper will focus on the concept of dual addiction specifically, that of alcohol addiction and simultaneous nicotine addiction. I should make note at this point of my personal interest in the addictive process is a result of the existence of addiction in my family. I have experienced and observed the chaos, hardships and tragedies in my family as a result of the progressive nature of the addiction process. First, I would like to provide a general definition

Reinventing the Self Essay Example For Students

Reinventing the Self Essay Basketball had been a passion of mine since my childhood years. I grew up watching players like LeBron James and Kevin Durant. My dream was to live their life: be a talented and rich NBA superstar with multiple championships and MVP awards to my name. It was my dream to lead the team I had been a fan of my whole life, the Brooklyn Nets, to an NBA title. This is the story of how I made my fantasy a reality. I became enthusiastic about basketball late in high school. I wanted to play for my high school varsity team, but because of my lack of experience and my 59   stance, I did not make the team. By facing such an obstacle early in my career, I was able to learn from it to build my talents. I began working on my game for 4, sometimes even 5 hours a day, while also focusing on schoolwork. By maintaining my grades, I was able to win a scholarship to Princeton University. I then proceeded to try out for their basketball team, and I made it. My dream took one step closer to becoming reality. Even though I made the Princeton basketball team, my training was far from over. I continued to work endlessly, sometimes long into the night, until I was satisfied with my game. Also, fortunately, I hit a major growth spurt and grew a foot in a matter of 3 years between my junior year in high school and my sophomore year in college. This gave me a lot of confidence when stepping onto the basketball court. During my sophomore year in college, my life changed. Princeton basketball just barely qualified for the NCAA March Madness tournament. The best collegian players in the country play in this tournament, and scouts from NBA teams come to watch some games. If I wanted to make it to the NBA, this tournament would be the only chance I had to prove myself to the scouts. However, it was not easy. Two of the top collegian prospects, Michael Jordan III and LeBron James Jr. , were in the same grade as me. I would have to outshine the both of them, something that would be almost impossible for a guy who did not start playing basketball until high school. My training paid off during March Madness. I dominated in nearly every game averaging 42. 2 points per game, 19. 7 rebounds per game, and 11. 0 assists per game. For the first time ever, Princeton won March Madness, which gave me national recognition. Suddenly, every NBA team wanted to draft the 69   forward from Holmdel, New Jersey. Up until the Brooklyn Nets drafted me, they were struggling mightily. They managed to win just five games in the past three seasons. The team seemed to have no future; that is, until Jesus Shuttlesworth showed up on the radar. With the first pick of the 2019 NBA Draft, the Brooklyn Nets drafted me. My dream finally had come true. I finally would get to play with the team I rooted for my whole life. I do not want to sound like I am bragging, but I had a legendary career with the Nets. I single-handedly carried the team to 14 consecutive NBA Titles from 2022-2035. I also won the MVP all of those years, as well as the Finals MVP. My career statistics were 50. 9 points per game, 23. 7 rebounds per game, 13. 3 assists per game, 10. 2 blocks per game, and 14. 0 steals per game. Unfortunately, my career was cut short. The year after I won my 14th championship ring, I suffered a career-ending injury. As I was going for a lay-up, the defender guarding me bumped into me and I came crashing into the support of the basketball hoop. I dislocated both of my knees and suffered a serious concussion. Fortunately, I have since recovered. Today, I am a retired multi-millionaire basketball player. I live in a penthouse in Manhattan that overlooks Central Park. .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .postImageUrl , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:hover , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:visited , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:active { border:0!important; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:active , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Pros and Cons of Obamacare EssayI try to stay in shape by shooting hoops on my rooftop basketball court from time to time. Fans everywhere have been constantly asking me to come out of retirement and return to the NBA. I tell them the same thing every time: I have already made my contribution to the game. Plus I have a family to take care of now.   Even though my playing career is in the past, I am considering becoming head coach for the Nets. Currently though, I am enjoying weekends with my wife and son in Coney Island walking along the boardwalk. The first half of my life was basketball. I want the second half to be something else.

Capital Punishment Essays (1355 words) - Penology, Criminology

Capital Punishment: Injustice of Society Looking out for the state of the public's satisfaction in the scheme of capital sentencing does not constitute serving justice. Today's system of capital punishment is frought with inequalities and injustices. The commonly offered arguments for the death penalty are filled with holes. ?It was a deterrent. It removed killers. It was the ultimate punishment. It is biblical. It satisfied the public's need for retribution. It relieved the anguish of the victim's family.?(Grisham 120) Realistically, imposing the death penalty is expensive and time consuming. Retroactively, it has yet to be proven as a deterrent. Morally, it is a continuation of the cycle of violence and ?...degrades all who are involved in its enforcement, as well as its victim.?(Stewart 1) Perhaps the most frequent argument for capital punishment is that of deterrence. The prevailing thought is that imposition of the death penalty will act to dissuade other criminals from committing violent acts. Numerous studies have been created attempting to prove this belief; however, ?[a]ll the evidence taken together makes it hard to be confident that capital punishment deters more than long prison terms do.?(Cavanagh 4) Going ever farther, Bryan Stevenson, the executive director of the Montgomery based Equal Justice Initiative, has stated that people are increasingly realizing that the more we resort to killing as a legitimate response to our frustration and anger with violence, the more violent our society becomes?We could execute all three thousand people on death row, and most people would not feel any safer tomorrow.?(Frame 51) In addition, with the growing humanitarianism of modern society, the number of inmates actually put to death is substantially lower than 50 years ago. This decline creates a situation in which the death penalty ceases to be a deterrent when the populace begins to think that one can get away with a crime and go unpunished. Also, the less that the death sentence is used, the more it becomes unusual, thus coming in conflict with the eighth amendment. This is essentially a paradox, in which the less the death penalty is used, the less society can legally use it. The end result is a punishment that ceases to deter any crime at all. The key part of the death penalty is that it involves death -- something which is rather permanent for humans, due to the concept of mortality. This creates a major problem when there continue to be many instances of innocent people being sentenced to death.?(Tabak 38) In our legal system, there exist numerous ways in which justice might be poorly served for a recipient of the death sentence. Foremost is in the handling of his own defense counsel. In the event that a defendant is without counsel, a lawyer will be provided. ?Attorney's appointed to represent indigent capital defendants frequently lack the qualities necessary to provide a competent defense and sometimes have exhibited such poor character that they have subsequently been disbarred.?(Tabak 37). With payment caps or court determined sums of, for example, $5 an hour, there is not much incentive for a lawyer to spend a great deal of time representing a capital defendant. When you compare this to the prosecution, aided by the police, other law enforcement agencies, crime labs, state mental hospitals, various other scientific resources, prosecutors ?experienced in successfully handling capital cases, compulsory process, and grand juries(Tabak 37), the defense that the court appointed counsel can offer is puny. If, in fact, a defendant has a valid case to offer, what chance has he to offer it and have it properly recognized. Furthermore, why should he be punished for a misjustice that was created by the court itself when it appointed the incapable lawyer. Even if a defendant has proper legal counsel, there is still the matter of impartiality of judges. ?The Supreme Court has steadily reduced the availability of habeas corpus review of capital convictions, placing its confidence in the notion that state judges, who take the same oath of office as federal judges to uphold the Constitution, can be trusted to enforce it.?(Bright 768) This makes for the biased trying of a defendant's appeals, given the overwhelming pressure on elected state judges to heed, and perhaps even lead to, the popular cries for the death of criminal defendants.?(Bright 769) Thirty two of the states that impose the death penalty also employ the popular election of judges, and several of these even have judges run with party affiliations. This creates a deeply political justice system -- the words alone are a paradox. Can society simply brush off mistaken execution as Capital Punishment Essays (1355 words) - Penology, Criminology Capital Punishment: Injustice of Society Looking out for the state of the public's satisfaction in the scheme of capital sentencing does not constitute serving justice. Today's system of capital punishment is frought with inequalities and injustices. The commonly offered arguments for the death penalty are filled with holes. ?It was a deterrent. It removed killers. It was the ultimate punishment. It is biblical. It satisfied the public's need for retribution. It relieved the anguish of the victim's family.?(Grisham 120) Realistically, imposing the death penalty is expensive and time consuming. Retroactively, it has yet to be proven as a deterrent. Morally, it is a continuation of the cycle of violence and ?...degrades all who are involved in its enforcement, as well as its victim.?(Stewart 1) Perhaps the most frequent argument for capital punishment is that of deterrence. The prevailing thought is that imposition of the death penalty will act to dissuade other criminals from committing violent acts. Numerous studies have been created attempting to prove this belief; however, ?[a]ll the evidence taken together makes it hard to be confident that capital punishment deters more than long prison terms do.?(Cavanagh 4) Going ever farther, Bryan Stevenson, the executive director of the Montgomery based Equal Justice Initiative, has stated that people are increasingly realizing that the more we resort to killing as a legitimate response to our frustration and anger with violence, the more violent our society becomes?We could execute all three thousand people on death row, and most people would not feel any safer tomorrow.?(Frame 51) In addition, with the growing humanitarianism of modern society, the number of inmates actually put to death is substantially lower than 50 years ago. This decline creates a situation in which the death penalty ceases to be a deterrent when the populace begins to think that one can get away with a crime and go unpunished. Also, the less that the death sentence is used, the more it becomes unusual, thus coming in conflict with the eighth amendment. This is essentially a paradox, in which the less the death penalty is used, the less society can legally use it. The end result is a punishment that ceases to deter any crime at all. The key part of the death penalty is that it involves death -- something which is rather permanent for humans, due to the concept of mortality. This creates a major problem when there continue to be many instances of innocent people being sentenced to death.?(Tabak 38) In our legal system, there exist numerous ways in which justice might be poorly served for a recipient of the death sentence. Foremost is in the handling of his own defense counsel. In the event that a defendant is without counsel, a lawyer will be provided. ?Attorney's appointed to represent indigent capital defendants frequently lack the qualities necessary to provide a competent defense and sometimes have exhibited such poor character that they have subsequently been disbarred.?(Tabak 37). With payment caps or court determined sums of, for example, $5 an hour, there is not much incentive for a lawyer to spend a great deal of time representing a capital defendant. When you compare this to the prosecution, aided by the police, other law enforcement agencies, crime labs, state mental hospitals, various other scientific resources, prosecutors ?experienced in successfully handling capital cases, compulsory process, and grand juries(Tabak 37), the defense that the court appointed counsel can offer is puny. If, in fact, a defendant has a valid case to offer, what chance has he to offer it and have it properly recognized. Furthermore, why should he be punished for a misjustice that was created by the court itself when it appointed the incapable lawyer. Even if a defendant has proper legal counsel, there is still the matter of impartiality of judges. ?The Supreme Court has steadily reduced the availability of habeas corpus review of capital convictions, placing its confidence in the notion that state judges, who take the same oath of office as federal judges to uphold the Constitution, can be trusted to enforce it.?(Bright 768) This makes for the biased trying of a defendant's appeals, given the overwhelming pressure on elected state judges to heed, and perhaps even lead to, the popular cries for the death of criminal defendants.?(Bright 769) Thirty two of the states that impose the death penalty also employ the popular election of judges, and several of these even have judges run with party affiliations. This creates a deeply political justice system -- the words alone are a paradox. Can society simply brush off mistaken execution as

The History and Archaeology of Chauvet Cave

The History and Archaeology of Chauvet Cave Chauvet Cave (also known as  Chauvet-Pont dArc) is currently the oldest known rock art site in the world, apparently dating to the Aurignacian period in France, about 30,000-32,000 years ago. The cave is located in the Pont-dArc Valley of Ardà ¨che, France, at the entrance of the Ardà ¨che gorges between the Cevennes and Rhone valleys. It extends horizontally for nearly 500 meters (~1,650 feet) into the earth and consists of two main rooms separated by a narrow hallway. Paintings at Chauvet Cave Over 420 paintings have been documented in the cave, including numerous realistic animals (reindeer, horses, aurochs, rhinoceros, bison, lions, cave bears among others), human handprints, and abstract dot paintings. The paintings in the front hall are primarily red, created with the liberal applications of red ochre, while the ones in the back hall are mainly black designs, drawn with charcoal. The paintings at Chauvet are highly realistic, which is unusual for this period in Paleolithic rock art. In one famous panel (a little bit is shown above) an entire pride of lions is illustrated, and the feeling of movement and power of the animals is tangible even in photographs of the cave taken in poor light and at low resolution. Archaeological Investigation The preservation in the cave is remarkable. Archaeological material in Chauvet caves deposits include thousands of animal bones, including the bones of at least 190 cave bears (Ursus spelaeus). The remains of hearths, an ivory spearhead, and a human footprint have all been identified within the caves deposits. Chauvet Cave was discovered in 1994 by Jean-Marie Chauvet; the relatively recent discovery of this remarkably intact cave painting site has allowed researchers to closely control the excavations using modern methods. In addition, the researchers have worked to protect the site and its contents. Since 1996, the site has been under investigation by an international team led by Jean Clottes, combining geology, hydrology, paleontology, and conservation studies; and, since that time, it has been closed to the public, to preserve its fragile beauty. Dating Chauvet The dating of Chauvet cave is based on 46 AMS radiocarbon dates taken on tiny pieces of paint from the walls, conventional radiocarbon dates on human and animal bone, and Uranium/Thorium dates on speleotherms (stalagmites). The deep age of the paintings and their realism has led in some circles to a scholarly revision of the notion of paleolithic cave art styles: since radiocarbon dates are a more recent technology than the bulk of cave art studies, codified cave art styles are based on stylistic changes. Using this measure, Chauvets art is closer to Solutrean or Magdalenian in age, at least 10,000 years later than the dates suggest. Paul Pettitt has questioned the dates, arguing that the radiocarbon dates within the cave are earlier than the paintings themselves, which he believes are Gravettian in style and date to no earlier than about 27,000 years ago. Additional radiocarbon dating of the cave bear population continues to support the original date of the cave: the bone dates all fall between 37,000 and 29,000 years old. Further, samples from a nearby cave support the idea that cave bears may have been extinct in the region by 29,000 years ago. That would mean that the paintings, which include cave bears, must be at least 29,000 years old. One possible explanation for the stylistic sophistication of Chauvets paintings is that perhaps there was another entrance to the cave, that allowed later artists access to the cave walls. A study of the geomorphology of the cave vicinity published in 2012 (Sadier and colleagues 2012), argues that the cliff overhanging the cave collapsed repeatedly beginning 29,000 years ago, and sealed the only entrance at least 21,000 years ago. No other cave access point has ever been identified, and given the morphology of the cave, none is likely to be found. These findings do not resolve the Aurignacian/Gravettian debate, although even at 21,000 years of age, Chauvet cave remains the oldest known cave painting site. Werner Herzog and Chauvet Cave In late 2010, film director Werner Herzog presented a documentary film of Chauvet Cave, shot in three-dimensions, at the Toronto film festival. The film, Cave of the Forgotten Dreams, premiered in limited movie houses in the United States on April 29, 2011. Sources Abadà ­a OM, and Morales MRG. 2007.  Thinking about style in the post-stylistic era: reconstructing the stylistic context of Chauvet.  Oxford Journal of Archaeology  26(2):109-125. Bahn PG. 1995. New developments in Pleistocene art.  Evolutionary Anthropology  4(6):204-215. Bocherens H, Drucker DG, Billiou D,  Geneste  J-M, and van der Plicht J. 2006.  Bears and humans in Chauvet Cave (Vallon-Pont-dArc, Ardà ¨che, France): Insights from stable isotopes and radiocarbon dating of bone collagen.  Journal of Human Evolution  50(3):370-376. Bon C, Berthonaud V, Fosse P, Gà ©ly B, Maksud F, Vitalis R, Philippe M, van der Plicht J, and Elalouf J-M.  Low Regional Diversity Of Late Cave Bears Mitochondrial  Ã‚  Journal of Archaeological Science  In Press, Accepted Manuscript.Dna  At The Time Of Chauvet Aurignacian Paintings. Chauvet J-M, Deschamps EB, and Hillaire C. 1996. Chauvet Cave: The worlds oldest paintings, dating from around 31,000 BC.  Minerva  7(4):17-22. Clottes J, and Lewis-Williams D. 1996. Upper Palaeolithic cave art: French and South African collaboration.  Cambridge Archaeological Journal  6(1):137-163. Feruglio V. 2006  De la faune au bestiaire - La grotte Chauvet-Pont-dArc, aux origines de lart parià ©tal palà ©olithique.  Comptes Rendus Palevol  5(1-2):213-222. Genty D, Ghaleb B, Plagnes V, Causse C, Valladas H, Blamart D, Massault M, Geneste J-M, and Clottes J. 2004.  Datations U/Th (TIMS) et 14C (AMS) des stalagmites de la grotte Chauvet (Ardà ¨che, France) : intà ©rà ªt pour la chronologie des à ©và ©nements naturels et anthropiques de la grotte.  Comptes Rendus Palevol  3(8):629-642. Marshall M. 2011.  Bear DNA hints at age of Chauvet cave art.  The New Scientist  210(2809):10-10. Sadier  B, Delannoy JJ, Benedetti L, Bourlà ©s DL, Stà ©phane J,  Geneste  J-M, Lebatard A-E, and Arnold M. 2012. Further constraints on the Chauvet cave artwork elaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early edition. 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